{"id":8630,"date":"2024-01-26T15:04:56","date_gmt":"2024-01-26T14:04:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/architecturemedievale.fr\/?page_id=8630"},"modified":"2025-02-15T07:43:03","modified_gmt":"2025-02-15T06:43:03","slug":"maisons-champs-villes-pan-de-bois","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/architecturemedievale.fr\/index.php\/maisons-champs-villes-pan-de-bois\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu’est-ce-qu’une maison ?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Maisons des villes, maisons des champs ou manoirs<\/h3>\n

Si l’on se ref\u00e8re \u00e0 notre cher Dictionnaire Raisonn\u00e9 de Viollet-le-Duc :<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Il faut distinguer les maisons des villes<\/strong> des maisons des champs<\/strong>, mais ces derni\u00e8res ne sauraient \u00eatre confondues avec les manoirs<\/strong>\u00ab\u00a0.
\n\u00ab\u00a0La v\u00e9ritable maison des champs est celle du colon<\/strong>, du paysan<\/strong>, de la famille<\/strong> attach\u00e9e \u00e0 la terre seigneuriale.\u00a0\u00bb
\n\u00ab\u00a0La raret\u00e9 du terrain<\/strong>, dans les villes ou bourgades ferm\u00e9es, obligeait les constructeurs \u00e0 \u00e9lever plusieurs \u00e9tages<\/strong> au-dessus du rez-de-chauss\u00e9e.\u00a0\u00bb
\n\u00ab\u00a0Les maisons du moyen \u00e2ge<\/strong> \u00e9taient faites pour les habitudes<\/strong> de ceux qui les \u00e9levaient ; de plus, elles sont toujours sagement et simplement construites<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00bb
\n\u00ab\u00a0Le manoir<\/strong>, bien que ce nom d\u00e9signe parfois un ch\u00e2teau, est l\u2019habitation d\u2019un propri\u00e9taire de fief, noble ou non<\/strong>, mais qui ne poss\u00e8de pas les droits seigneuriaux permettant d\u2019\u00e9lever un ch\u00e2teau avec tours et donjon. Le manoir est ferm\u00e9<\/strong> cependant, il peut \u00eatre clos de murs et entour\u00e9 de foss\u00e9s, mais non d\u00e9fendu par des tours, hautes courtines cr\u00e9nel\u00e9es et r\u00e9duit formidable.\u00a0\u00bb[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator color=\u00a0\u00bbgreen\u00a0\u00bb border_width=\u00a0\u00bb5″][vc_column_text]\n

Structure<\/h3>\n

Leur structure g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/strong> repose sur une construction qui associe les mat\u00e9riaux les plus faciles \u00e0 trouver<\/strong> dans la r\u00e9gion, aussi bien le bois que la pierre.<\/p>\n

Le type de bois et de pierre va l\u00e0 aussi d\u00e9pendre des ressources naturelles<\/strong>. Leur mode d’assemblage sera li\u00e9 aussi \u00e0 la nature des mat\u00e9riaux eux-m\u00eames. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 les arbres sont droits et faciles \u00e0 \u00e9quarrir, on empile les bois sans assemblage compliqu\u00e9 (le pin dans le Jura, les Vosges; …). Au contraire, quand les for\u00eats de bois durs (ch\u00eane par exemple) sont importantes, on utilisera des bois plus courts et des assemblages plus sophistiqu\u00e9s. N’oubliez pas que la Guerre de Cent Ans a d\u00e9truit la majeure partie des for\u00eats de haute futaie fran\u00e7aises<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Cependant la logique sera toujours a peu pr\u00e8s la m\u00eame : soubassement en pierre<\/strong>, rez-de-chauss\u00e9e en pierre<\/strong>, en bois<\/strong> ou en m\u00e9langeant les deux, \u00e9tages sup\u00e9rieurs<\/strong> jusqu’\u00e0 la toiture en bois<\/strong>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator color=\u00a0\u00bbgreen\u00a0\u00bb border_width=\u00a0\u00bb5″][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb]\n

Mes maisons<\/h3>\n

Les maisons que j’ai construites en maquette montrent les diff\u00e9rentes fa\u00e7ons, selon les r\u00e9gions, d’associer les mat\u00e9riaux.<\/p>\n

Dans certains cas, je n’ai fait que la structure<\/strong> de la maison car c’est l\u00e0 que m’apparaissait l’int\u00e9r\u00eat (Strasbourg<\/a>, Chateaudun<\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Pour Dreux<\/a>, Nantua<\/a><\/span> et Laval<\/a>,<\/span> j’ai r\u00e9alis\u00e9 les facades sur rue<\/strong> des maisons. La partie arri\u00e8re donnait sur une cour aux fonctions de stockage, parfois de basse-cour et ne pr\u00e9sentait pas d’int\u00e9r\u00eat en soi.<\/p>\n

Pour Quimper<\/a><\/span>, Lisieux<\/a> et Dol-de-Bretagne<\/a><\/span> en ville et Kerasco\u00ebt<\/a><\/span> et l’Eure<\/a><\/span> dans les champs, j’ai pris de l’assurance (!) et j’ai fait la maquette de l’ensemble des b\u00e2tisses<\/strong>. J’ai pouss\u00e9 le souci du d\u00e9tail jusqu’\u00e0 int\u00e9grer les d\u00e9corations int\u00e9rieures (sculptures, peintures, tapisseries, mobilier). Ces am\u00e9nagements rel\u00e8vent de mon imagination, car il existe fort peu de documents.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/2″][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb]\n

City and countryside houses<\/em><\/h3>\n

If we refer to my prefered book le \u00ab\u00a0Dictionnaire Raisonn\u00e9 de Viollet-le-Duc :<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cWe must distinguish city houses<\/strong> from country houses<\/strong>, but the latter cannot be confused with manors<\/strong>.\u201d<\/em>
\n\u201cThe true house of the fields is that of the settler<\/strong>, the farmer<\/strong>, the family<\/strong> attached to the seigneurial land.\u201d<\/em>
\n\u201cThe scarcity of land<\/strong>, in closed towns or villages, forced builders to raise several floors<\/strong> above the ground floor.\u201d<\/em>
\n\u201cThe houses of the Middle Age were made to comply with the habits<\/strong> of those who raised them; moreover, they are always wisely and simply constructed<\/strong>.\u201d<\/em>
\n\u00ab\u00a0The manor, although this name sometimes designates a castle, is the dwelling of a fief owner, noble or not, but who does not possess the seigneurial rights allowing to build a castle with towers and dungeon. The manor is closed however, it can be enclosed by walls and surrounded by moats, but not defended by towers, high crenellated curtains and formidable redoubt.\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator color=\u00a0\u00bbgreen\u00a0\u00bb border_width=\u00a0\u00bb5″][vc_column_text]\n

Structure<\/em><\/h3>\n

Their general structure<\/strong> is based on a construction logic that combines the easiest materials to find<\/strong> in the region, both wood and stone.<\/em><\/p>\n

The type of wood and stone will also depend on natural resources<\/strong>. Their method of assembly will also be linked to the nature of the materials themselves. Where the trees are straight and easy to square, the wood is stacked without complicated assembly (pine in the Jura, the Vosges; etc.). On the contrary, when hardwood forests (oak for example) are large, shorter woods and more sophisticated assemblies will be used. Don’t forget that the Hundred Years’ War destroyed in France the majority of the hardwood mature plantation<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

However, the logic will always be approximately the same: stone base<\/strong>, ground floor in stone, wood<\/strong> or a mixture of the two, wooden upper floors up to the roof<\/strong>.<\/em>[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator color=\u00a0\u00bbgreen\u00a0\u00bb border_width=\u00a0\u00bb5″][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb]\n

My houses<\/em><\/h3>\n

The house models I built show the different ways, depending on the region, of combining materials.<\/em><\/p>\n

In certain cases, I only did the structure<\/strong> of the house because I found interest only for this aspect (Strasbourg<\/a><\/span>, Chateaudun<\/a><\/span>).<\/em><\/p>\n

For Dreux<\/a><\/span>, Nantua<\/a><\/span> and Laval<\/a><\/span>, I created the street facades<\/strong> of the houses. The rear part overlooked a courtyard with storage functions, sometimes a farmyard and was not of interest (in my purpose).<\/em><\/p>\n

For Quimper,<\/a><\/span> Lisieux<\/a><\/span> and Dol-de-Bretagne on one side and Kerascoet<\/a><\/span> and Eure<\/a><\/span> farm, I took some confidence (!) and made a model of the full building<\/strong>. I pushed my attention to detail to the point of integrating interior decorations (sculptures, paintings, tapestries, furniture). These arrangements are my imagination, because there are very few documents.<\/em>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00a0\u00bbstretch_row\u00a0\u00bb gap=\u00a0\u00bb5″ equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb content_placement=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1707852052592{padding-top: 15px !important;padding-bottom: 15px !important;background-color: #2f3f3d !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/5″ css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1482330181055{background-color: #ffffff !important;border-radius: 10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb9300″ img_size=\u00a0\u00bbfull\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb style=\u00a0\u00bbvc_box_rounded\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1710184428816{margin-top: -35px !important;margin-right: -15px !important;margin-left: -15px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px 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[vc_row][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/2″][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb] Maisons des villes, maisons des champs ou manoirs Si l’on se ref\u00e8re \u00e0 notre cher Dictionnaire Raisonn\u00e9 de Viollet-le-Duc : \u00ab\u00a0Il faut distinguer les maisons des villes des maisons des champs, mais ces derni\u00e8res ne sauraient \u00eatre … Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"folder":[27],"class_list":["post-8630","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nQu'est-ce-qu'une maison ? - Architecture M\u00e9di\u00e9vale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Entre la campagne et les villes, les maisons diff\u00e8rent de par les mat\u00e9riaux disponibles localement et leur mode d'assemblage.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/architecturemedievale.fr\/index.php\/maisons-champs-villes-pan-de-bois\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Qu'est-ce-qu'une maison ? 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